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There was a certain amount of cultural contact between Europe in the Renaissance to Early Modern period and the Islamic world (at the time primarily represented by the Ottoman Empire and, geographically more remote, Safavid Persia), however decreasing in intensity after medieval cultural contact in the era of the crusades and the ''Reconquista''. European contact with Islam has been mostly limited with the military effort opposing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. There was limited direct interaction between the two cultures even though there was plenty of trade between Europe and the Middle East at this time. Merchants would often deal through an intermediary,〔James Chamber, ''The Devil’s Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe'', (Edison: Castle Books, 2003), page 33.〕 a practice common since the time of the Roman Empire. Historians have noted that even during the 12th and 14th centuries the two parties had little interest in learning about each other.〔Jane I. Smith. “Islam and Christendom,” in ''The Oxford History of Islam''. Edited by John L. Esposito. ''Oxford Islamic Studies Online''. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article. (accessed January 29, 2008), page 1.〕 The history of the Ottoman Empire is intimately connected to the history of Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance was significantly triggered by the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 (resulting in a wave of Byzantine scholars fleeing to Italy). The Ottoman Empire reached its historical apogee in 1566, coinciding with the beginning of the scientific revolution in Europe, which would lead to the political dominance of emerging modern Europe over the course of the following century. ==Iberian peninsula== Granada was the last stronghold of the region of Spain known as Andalusia, which was considered a pinnacle of culture in the western Muslim Empire.〔“Andalusia.” The Islamic World: Past and Present. Edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article (accessed February 2, 2008).〕 Trade from Granada included silk, ceramic, and porcelain. From 1230 until its fall to the Christians, the city was under the rule of the Nasrid dynasty .〔“Granada.” The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article (accessed February 2, 2008).〕 Ferdinand III of Castile had conquered all Andalusia by 1251.〔“Andalusia.”〕 It was not until after the 1469 marriage between Prince Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile that Alhambra, the Nasrid palace of Granada, fell to foreign forces.〔David Nicole, El Cid and the Reconquista: 1050-1492, (Great Britain: Osprey Publishing Limited, 1988), page 8.〕 Alhambra fell to the combined forces of Isabella and Ferdinand on January 2, 1492.〔David Nicole, page 39.〕 Alhambra was known as one of the greatest achievements of urban art in the Muslim world during the time of the Nasrids.〔“Granada.”〕 The Court of the Myrtles and the Court of the Lions are the only two portions of the palace to survive to present time.〔“Alhambra.” The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article (accessed February 2, 2008).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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